Treatment guide
Cystoscopy
Also known as: Flexible cystoscopy, Rigid cystoscopy, Bladder endoscopy
In brief
Cystoscopy is a procedure in which a urologist uses a thin camera, called a cystoscope, to look inside the urethra and bladder. It is commonly used to investigate blood in the urine, recurrent infections and urinary symptoms, and is often a brief outpatient test under local anaesthetic gel.
Medically reviewed by Dr. Atip Chatsudthipong, MD on
Written by Editorial teamPublished Updated
What is cystoscopy?
A cystoscope is a thin tube with a light and camera. Flexible cystoscopy uses a soft, bendable scope and is usually done while you are awake with local anaesthetic gel. Rigid cystoscopy uses a straight scope and is generally performed under anaesthesia, often when a treatment such as a biopsy, stone removal or stent placement is planned.
Why is cystoscopy performed?
- To investigate blood in the urine
- To evaluate recurrent urinary tract infections in selected patients
- To assess urinary symptoms such as frequency, urgency or a weak stream — for example before prostate procedures
- For surveillance after treatment of bladder tumours
- To remove a ureteral stent after ureteroscopy
- To take biopsies, remove small stones or inject treatments such as botulinum toxin
What happens during the procedure?
- You empty your bladder and a urine sample may be checked for infection.
- The genital area is cleaned and anaesthetic gel is applied to the urethra.
- The cystoscope is gently passed into the bladder, which is filled with sterile water so the lining can be seen clearly.
- The urologist examines the urethra and bladder, often showing you the images on screen.
- The scope is removed and you can usually go home shortly afterwards.
How should I prepare?
For flexible cystoscopy, little preparation is usually needed: you can generally eat and drink normally. Let your doctor know about blood thinners, allergies and any symptoms of infection. For rigid cystoscopy under anaesthesia, follow fasting instructions.
What are the risks?
- Burning when urinating and more frequent urination for a day or two
- Pink-tinged urine for a short time
- Urinary tract infection — uncommon
- Very rarely, injury to the urethra or bladder
Contact a doctor if you develop:
- Fever or chills
- Inability to pass urine
- Heavy bleeding or clots
- Pain that is getting worse
Are there alternatives?
Imaging such as ultrasound and CT shows the kidneys well but cannot reliably detect small abnormalities of the bladder lining. Urine tests can support, but not replace, a direct visual examination when cystoscopy is indicated.
What is recovery like after cystoscopy?
Most people return to normal activities the same day. Drinking extra fluids for 24–48 hours helps settle any burning. Findings are often discussed immediately, with biopsy results, if any, reviewed at follow-up.
Frequently asked questions
Is cystoscopy painful?
Flexible cystoscopy is usually described as uncomfortable rather than painful. Local anaesthetic gel numbs the urethra and the examination itself is brief.
Can I drive after cystoscopy?
After flexible cystoscopy with local anaesthetic gel, most people can drive. After sedation or general anaesthesia, you should not drive for at least 24 hours.
References
This information is for general education and does not replace a consultation with a qualified doctor. If you have severe symptoms, seek emergency care (in Thailand, call 1669). See our medical disclaimer.